Case-based learning: insect bites and stings
Kidney Problems In Dogs
Even though dogs are a different species, their bodies function very similarly to human bodies. Dogs have kidneys to balance nutrients in their bodies and filter out waste.
Kidneys also help control blood pressure, increase red blood cell production, and help calcium metabolize.
If kidney function is impaired, it can cause a domino effect of health problems for your pet. Know the signs of kidney disease in dogs and what you can do to prevent and treat their condition.
Kidney problems in dogs can be acute or chronic. Acute kidney failure happens quickly over several days, while chronic kidney failure happens slowly over time.
Causes of Acute Kidney Failure
Acute kidney problems are most frequently attributed to your dog ingesting a toxin. It may be a chemical like antifreeze, household cleaners, or bad food.
Problems also occur due to a urinary obstruction in your pet's body. When blood flow decreases, it leaves your dog's kidneys less oxygenated and more prone to infection.
Kidney issues may also result from:
Causes of Chronic Kidney Failure
Chronic kidney disease is most common in older dogs, and the exact cause is often difficult to pinpoint because of its slow onset. Early symptoms of chronic kidney disease are easily overlooked or dismissed because they are mild in nature.
Dental disease is a leading cause of chronic kidney failure in older dogs. Bacteria build up on your dog's teeth and enter the digestive system when eating and drinking. While your dog's kidneys are designed to filter waste, bacteria can lessen kidney function over time.
A few signs to watch for include:
Keep Your Dog Away From Chemicals
Kidney disease doesn't have to be a problem for your dog. Keep your dog safe by taking preventative measures to ensure they don't have access to household chemicals and cleaners.
It is important to keep in mind that dogs are chewers by nature, so keeping chemicals in a closed cabinet isn't enough. You may also have false assurance that "child-proof" seals will keep your dog safe, but they won't.
Dogs can easily chew through plastic bottles and drink dangerous chemicals. Make sure bottles are kept in locked cabinets or up high where dogs cannot reach them.
Avoid Exposure to Medications and Other Harmful Substances
In addition to keeping your dog away from dangerous household cleaners and chemicals, it may also be important to avoid having your pet near medications, food, and other substances.
These could include:
Dental Hygiene
Since chronic kidney disease can occur from poor dental hygiene, keeping your dog's teeth clean is crucial for long-term health.
Talk to your vet about how often you should have your dog's teeth cleaned and ask about food and treats that may help with dental hygiene in dogs.
While damage from acute kidney problems is more easily treated, damage to your dog's organs from chronic kidney disease is irreversible unless caught early.
Since some damage is irreversible, preventative measures listed above are essential for your dog.
If kidney disease or kidney failure is diagnosed in your dog, treatment will depend on the severity of his condition. Your vet will begin by addressing issues related to underlying conditions like chemical poisoning, dehydration, or infection.
Your dog's treatment plan may also include:
While you may be tempted to create a DIY home-cooked diet for your dog, that may not be best. Dog food has the correct balance of nutrients your dog needs to stay healthy.
Your veterinarian may suggest a specific type of dog food with additional nutrients your dog needs for his condition.
You may be tempted to feed your dog from your plate, but some foods can hurt your dog and/or contribute to kidney issues, like:
Kidney problems in dogs that go untreated can be life-threatening. If you suspect your dog has kidney failure, don't try to self-diagnose and treat the condition at home.
Kidney problems often lead to life-threatening conditions that require immediate hospitalization and treatment. If left untreated, end-stage kidney failure may occur, leading to a fatal outcome.
Talk to your vet or take your dog to an after-hours emergency clinic for a diagnosis and treatment.
12 Most Common Causes Of Memory Loss
Anything that impacts thinking, learning or remembering can impact memory—and that's a long list. Here are some of the most common causes of memory loss.
MedicationsPrescription drugs like benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants are linked to memory disorders. Other drugs, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, newer anticonvulsants, isotretinoin and ciclosporin, are also significantly associated with memory loss.
Head InjuryHead trauma like concussion can lead to memory loss. A single blow to the head can cause memory loss that either stays the same or improves over time. Meanwhile, repeated blows to the head—like those from boxing or football—can cause progressive memory loss and other cognitive problems.
Thyroid IssuesIn hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. On the other hand, hyperthyroidism happens when the gland produces too much thyroid hormone. This hormone controls the way cells use energy, and when these levels are off, short-term memory loss can occur. If treated early, this memory loss may be reversible.
AlcoholThe parts of the brain relating to memory are more susceptible to alcohol-related damage than other parts of the brain. Therefore, heavy drinking can take its toll on memory. In fact, alcohol-related dementia accounts for 10% of all dementia cases, and alcohol is estimated to contribute to about 29% of all other dementia cases as well. Often, once someone stops drinking, their memory loss can stabilize to some extent.
Lack of SleepSleep deprivation can lead to reduced memory, and sleep apnea may promote memory loss. A recent study of almost 8,000 people found people who slept less than six hours a night in their 50s, 60s and 70s had a 30% higher risk of dementia than their peers who slept more. This finding proved true across factors like demographics, behaviors and mental health.
Nutritional DeficienciesNot enough vitamin B1 or B12 can lead to memory loss. B1, also called thiamin, is key to the growth, development and function of cells. Vitamin B1 deficiency can be linked to alcohol dependence, HIV/AIDS and some medications. Meanwhile, vitamin B12 helps keep blood and nerve cells healthy. As we age, our levels of vitamin B12 decline naturally.
Cancer TreatmentAbout 70% of people who have cancer report cognitive problems, and about a third of people still have issues following treatment. While "chemo brain" is a common term used to describe the mental fog that can accompany chemotherapy, other treatments can impact memory, too, such as radiation therapy, brain surgery and medications like hormone therapy or immunotherapy.
StrokeBoth short- and long-term memory loss are common in older stroke survivors. Over time, memory may improve, either on its own or through rehabilitation. But symptoms can last for years and be made worse by some medications, lack of sleep and use of alcohol or drugs. Medications for related issues like anxiety, depression or sleep disorders may help address memory loss after stroke.
Mental Health IssuesMajor, traumatic events can lead to memory loss, and difficulty concentrating and remembering can be a symptom of both anxiety and depression, especially in older people. These issues can also be problems for people with bipolar disorder. And while schizophrenia often causes hallucinations and delusions, it can also cause problems with short- and long-term memory. Researchers have identified a biomarker that will help them better understand and treat these memory deficits.
EpilepsyResearch shows that epilepsy can put people at higher risk for long-term memory loss. This impairment is one of the biggest factors contributing to poor quality of life for people with epilepsy. Scientists aren't sure if memory gets worse as seizures become more difficult to manage, and antiseizure medications can affect attention and concentration, which can impact memory.
DementiaAlzheimer's disease and other forms of neurodegenerative dementia are characterized by memory loss. Abnormal brain changes cause a decline in cognitive skills that impact behavior, relationships and daily functioning. Problems with short-term memory are a symptom of dementia and can progress to long-term memory loss as it gets worse. Most of the brain changes that cause dementia are permanent. However, memory may improve if other existing issues like depression or thyroid problems are addressed.
Infections of the Brain or its LiningInfections like HIV, tuberculosis and herpes can cause memory problems. HIV puts the function of nerve cells at risk by infecting the cells that protect and support them. The virus can also trigger inflammation that can damage the brain and cause forgetfulness. With tuberculosis, memory loss can be a complaint. However, prompt treatment can resolve these problems. Meanwhile, herpes simplex virus can cause a rare neurological disorder called herpes simplex encephalitis. This inflammation of the brain can lead to memory loss. Antiviral drugs may help if treatment is started right away.
18 Common Disney+ Problems & Fixes
This guide will show you how to fix common Disney+ problems so you can get back to streaming your favorite Marvel or Star Wars show.
Disney+ users are running into errors while streaming content, blank screens, sound quality issues, connection issues, and login problems.
Some users will want to invest in a better WiFi network at home, while others may be tempted to upgrade their streaming device. However, in most cases, you can solve these issues in a matter of minutes.
Is Disney+ Down?If Disney+ isn't working at all on your device, the problem may have something to do with your connection or with the app on the device you are using to watch content.
You can check Down Detector to see if Disney+ is down. You can also check if it's down for other users in your area. If there is an outage, you will need to wait for it to pass to use the service.
If you're confident there isn't an outage, you'll want to check your internet and/or cellular connection to ensure there isn't an issue on your end.
Does Disney+ Work Abroad?Disney+ works if you travel abroad as long as the service is available in the country you're traveling to. If it isn't, you can watch any content you've downloaded on your device.
Before you travel, double-check to make sure Disney+ is available where you're headed. If not, make sure you download any shows or movies you want to watch before you head out the door.
How to Fix Disney+ Spinning WheelIf you suddenly see a spinning wheel on the Disney+ app, try closing Disney+ and any other apps that are open on your device. You should also restart the device you're using to watch content.
If you're getting a spinning wheel while watching content on a cellular data connection (LTE, 5G, etc), try connecting to Wi-Fi and see if that helps.
How to Fix Disney+ Blank ScreenIf you encounter a blank screen while watching Disney+ content, you may need to disable your popup blocker or antivirus software.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 14Disney+ error code 14 is related to an incorrect password. In many cases, you're getting this error because you changed the password associated with your email account.
In order to fix this error, you'll need to reset your password. Keep in mind, this will update your account sign-in details across all Disney products and experiences.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 39You may see Disney error code 39 when trying to play a video. You may see this error if you're using a bad internet connection or if you're trying to access content from a device that isn't supported by Disney+.
To fix this issue, try restarting the Disney+ app or refreshing the website if you're watching in a browser. If that doesn't work, try launching the service on another device.
If you still see this error, you'll want to check your connection and make sure it's working normally.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 41Disney+ error code 41 is another code that might popup when you're trying to stream content. Unlike error code 39, error code 41 typically appears when there are a lot of users trying to watch a specific show or movie.
Try restarting the Disney+ app or refreshing the website. Wait a few minutes and then try streaming the show or movie on your device.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 42This is another error code you might see while trying to stream content. In order to fix Disney+ error code 42, you'll need to check your connection. This error pops up if you're using a slow connection or if you have a weak Wi-Fi signal.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 73Disney+ error code 73 will tell you that "Disney+ is only available in certain regions." This may occur when you're traveling abroad.
Again, you can use Disney+ in foreign countries, but only if the service is available there. If you're getting this error and you're positive the service is available where you are, try the following.
If you're using a VPN, disable it and restart your device. If aren't using a VPN, try restarting the Disney+ app or refreshing the website.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 83The Disney+ Error 83 covers a range of issues and problems, and it is often from a server timeout or using the wrong type of computer or browser.
If you see Error 83 when trying to start using Disney+, it may just be a server overload happening during peak hours.
The best thing to do is try again. You may want to close the app completely or restart your TV if you see the app there. On iPhone, iPad or Android open multitasking and close the app, or simply restart your device.
If you cannot log in on your iPhone and see error 83, try uninstalling the app and then installing and trying again. This may not fix the issue for everyone, but it is worth a try.
If you see Error 83 while using Linux or a browser that isn't supported, then you will need to find a different device to use. Disney+ works on Mac, Windows, iOS and Android. You need to use Chrome, Edge, Firefox, or Internet Explorer on PC and Safari, Chrome, or Firefox on Mac.
Disney says that if you are using a device that supports Disney+, you may have an account issue, so you need to contact Disney+ support.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 91 or 92Disney+ error codes 91 and 92 may occur when Disney's system detects suspicious activity originating from an IP address. For instance, failed login attempts or failed attempts at updating payment information can trigger them.
In order to fix this, make sure you verify your payment details. You may need to contact your bank or credit card provider to confirm your card is working properly.
If you're positive it has nothing to do with your card, try restarting Disney+. Wait a few minutes and then try using the service on your device. You might also want to make sure your Wi-Fi connection is working properly.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 142Disney+ error code 142 is yet another code related to a bad connection. Check your connection and make sure you aren't having speed issues. You'll also want to make sure you have a strong signal.
How to Fix Disney+ Error Code 1026This is an error code that can popup when you're trying to launch Disney+ on a smart television. It can occur if you're trying to launch the app on an unsupported device or if your connection is poor.
In order to fix it, try restarting your television. You may also want to check and see if there's a new software update available for your TV.
How to Fix Disney+ Video Quality ProblemsYou are able to stream Disney+ in 4K if the video you are trying to watch supports it. If you are seeing low-quality video, or you are not able to watch in 4K, there are some things you need to check.
First off, update your Disney+ app to the latest version. You'll also want to update your phone, tablet, computer, and/or TV to the latest firmware available.
The next thing to look at is if your Internet connection is fast enough. Try running a speed test on the device you are streaming from. Disney recommends 5 Mbps down for HD and 25 Mbps down for 4K Ultra HD. If your speeds are too slow, try restarting your device, your router, and maybe even your modem.
If you have another device between your streaming device and your TV, it may prevent 4K as part of anti-piracy efforts. You may also need to get a new HDMI cable or a device that supports 4K.
How to Fix Disney+ Streaming IssuesIf Disney+ video is skipping, freezing, or stuttering, you can fix this on your own in most cases. Here are a few things you need to try:
Disney+ supports surround sound and Dolby Atmos, but if you are not getting the sound quality you expect, you can fix this on your own. This is likely related to equipment or to your internet speed.
If you are getting surround sound or Atmos on other content, say from Netflix, on this same setup, then you likely need to check your internet connection speed. If it is lower than Disney+'s recommendations then you may not be able to get the higher quality.
You can try restarting the app and if a speed test shows that your connection is low, you can try to restart your device and your router. You may need to even restart your modem or call your provider.
When it's not a connection error, you need to check out your cables and connections to make sure everything is working. Try a disk or try another service and then come back.
How to Fix Disney+ Download ProblemsYou can download Disney+ shows and movies to watch offline, but if things aren't going smoothly, you may run into problems playing downloaded content or even downloading Disney+ movies.
To fix this check your Internet speeds and move closer to your router. If that doesn't fix the issue, try restarting your device or your router.
Another thing you may need to do if the download will not play is to delete the show or movie and download it again.
Disney also recommends updating your app, and if that doesn't work, you can try uninstalling the app and reinstalling the app.
How to Fix Disney+ Login ProblemsIf you can't log into your Disney+ account, you need to reset your password.
If you're trying to reset your Disney+ password, you'll need to verify your identity using a 6-digit passcode sent to your email address. This code will expire after a few minutes so if you don't use it in time, you'll need to request another code.
If you can't find the code in your email, you'll want to check your spam folder and see if it accidentally got sent there. You can also request another code if you can't find it.
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